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...in the catalytic reaction ''mobility'', reducing the measurement to a two-compartmental analysis of the substrate and product compartments. |info=[[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]; <u>[[System]]</u>

::::* <span style="color:#FF0000"> Part 3 suffers from a confusion between ''system'' and ''process'' (reaction, diffusion, transformation in general) througho ...with gradients, and [[compartmental system]]s with discontinuities across compartmental boundaries (discontinuous or heterogenous systems).

...gnals of drive and load are integrated in the energy status of the ATP/ADP system, expressed by the phosphorylation potential. Is metabolic flux regulated by ...ntal description of diffusion: vectorial flux and force in a discontinuous system ==

...t), the advancement is the amount of motive substance that has undergone a compartmental transformation [mol]. The concept was originally introduced by De Donder [1 ...ement of charged particles [3], and to any discontinuous transformation in compartmental systems [2],

...n gradient is collapsed to a boundary of zero thickness in a compartmental system, ''α_X'' reflects the singularity in the transition between the

::::::# electrochemical potentials — compartmental differences versus gradients — and motive forces of physics and thermodyn ...a [[discontinuous system]]) at an infinitely large [[force]] - without the system exploding?

...occur in PD and what are the consequences of this interaction on the cell system. ...that are induced by DNA damage in specific signalling pathways related to compartmental stress responses (including mitochondrial endoplasmic reticulum and cytopla

...'_el''χ'' is zero. The (net) electric current in a compartmental system is driven by the electric force Δ_el''F''<sub>p⁺</sub

## In [[continuous system]]s accessible to the analysis of gradients, the '''motive vector forces''', ...hed as isomorphic motive forces, ∆_tr''F''_''X'', with compartmental instead of spatial direction of the energy transformation, tr. The motive f

...n of protons at three coupling sites, which are the proton pumps of the ET system (ETS): respiratory Complexes CI, CIII, and CIV. The driving force of the ET ...system can be replaced by the concentration difference in a discontinuous system. Here is where some simple equations help. Thermodynamics and ergodynamics

...e per ion B with unit [C·x^-1]. Hence, the conventional ambigous system forces compatible iconic symbols to be more complicated, using ''Q''<sub>el :::: Due to the ambiguity of elements in these symbols and an inconsistent system of symbols, we are forced to memorize these IUPAC symbols like complex Chin

...related to entropy production [4,5]. (2) A discontinuous two-compartmental system of constant volume is described consisting of dilute solutions in compartme ::::# Beard DA (2005) A biophysical model of the mitochondrial respiratory system and oxidative phosphorylation. PLOS Comput Biol 1(4):e36. - [[Beard 2005 PL

...donors) and reduction of O₂ catalysed by the electron transfer system, ETS: ('''mt''') mitochondrial catabolic respiration; ('''ce''') total cell ...ation, redox balance is maintained by O2 as the electron acceptor. (''2'') Compartmental coupling in vectorial oxidative phosphorylation contrasts to exclusively sc

...stency even at the penultimate level of formalization in the International System of Units (SI). ...bject]], [[Organism]], [[Permeabilized cells]], [[Publish]], [[Sample]], [[System]], [[Unit]], [[Volume]],