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...iency |flux control efficiencies]] are based on internal normalization for rate in a reference state, are independent of externally measured markers and, t {{#ask:[[Additional label::Normalization of rate]]

...ever, the adenylate energy status and time interval required for achieving metabolic depression are markedly different between the two conditions. |keywords=Twin-Flow, Metabolic depression, Dormancy, ''Artemia franciscana, Austrofundulus limnaeus, Euna

...lowed by a measurement of maximum metabolic rate (MMR), standard metabolic rate (SMR) and mitochondrial function, predicting that measures of mitochondrial

...ll arches, or greater cardiac respiratory capacity had higher whole-animal metabolic rates. The overall model fit and the explanatory power of individual predic |keywords=Fundulus, Gill morphology, Heart, Metabolic rate, Mitochondria, Oxygen transport cascade

|title=Nelson JA (2016) Oxygen consumption rate v. rate of energy utilization of fishes: a comparison and brief history of the two ...urement in its own right that is not necessarily synonymous with metabolic rate. Because all extant fishes are obligate aerobes (many fishes engage in subs

|title=Stickle WB, Kapper MA, Liu LL, Gnaiger E, Wang SY (1989) Metabolic adaptations of several species of crustaceans and molluscs to hypoxia: tole ...inity at 20 °C in ''Callinectes sapidus''. Greater depression of metabolic rate occurs in molluscs during anoxia exposure (and is correlated with greater h

...E, Turnbull KF, Staples JF, Sinclair BJ (2022) Reversible mitophagy drives metabolic suppression in diapausing beetles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 119:e2201089119 ...tochondrial degradation in insect tissues over the winter and whole-animal metabolic suppression.

...udolf AM, Anderson GJ, Selman C, Metcalfe NB (2016) Variation in metabolic rate among individuals is related to tissue-specific differences in mitochondria ...specific relationships between mitochondrial properties and whole-organism metabolic traits were observed. Specifically, SMR was positively associated with LEAK

...(background rate ''Y_X'') and a [[reference state]] Z (reference rate ''Z_X''). ''X'' may be a stimulator or activator of flux, inducin

|title=Chabot D, McKenzie DJ, Craig JF (2016) Metabolic rate in fishes: definitions, methods and significance for conservation physiolog

...Chung DJ, Armstrong C (2010) Fast in, slow out: Kinetics of mitochondrial metabolic suppression during hibernation entrance and arousal. MiPNet15.10. ...n only in torpor and early arousal. The “fast” initiation of mitochondrial metabolic suppression during entrance and its “slow” reversal during arousal sugg

...='''Flux control efficiencies''' express the control of respiration by a [[metabolic control variable]], ''X'', as a fractional change of flux from ''Y<sub>X</s ...[[flux control ratio]]s and analogous to [[elasticity|elasticities]] of [[metabolic control analysis]], the flux control efficiency of ''X'' upon background ''

...(1997) The effect of obesity, age, puberty and gender on resting metabolic rate in children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 156: 376-381. ...ing the important effect of age on RMR. CONCLUSIONS: The resting metabolic rate of obese and control children is not different when adjusted for body compo

...unaltered during acute hypoxia but was increased during prolonged hypoxia, metabolic depression amounting to 7% during acute hypoxia and 30% during prolonged hy |keywords=hypoxia, metabolic depression, protein synthesis, Na+/K+-ATPase, goldfish, Carassius auratus,

...n ZV, Kearney JT, Hill JO (2003) Variability of measured resting metabolic rate. Am J Clin Nutr 78: 1141-1145. The necessity of a 12-h fast before resting metabolic rate (RMR) is measured is often a barrier to measuring RMR.

...tion may explain the pronounced individual variations in resting metabolic rate (RMR). RMR was determined in healthy humans by indirect calorimetry and cor |keywords=High-resolution respirometry, Mitochondria, Resting metabolic rate

...ower and heat flux of irreversible processes are distinguished as the time rate of Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes, respectively.

...ction were related through the extent of reaction (advancement) to overall metabolic activity (flux). The fact that this approach can be used for medium optimis |keywords=Calorimetry, Capacitance, Heat flux, Medium optimisation, Metabolic activity, On-line biosensor

...M (2013) Diversity and evolution of mitochondrial metabolism: Proline as a metabolic reward for pollinators. Mitochondr Physiol Network 18.08. ...oxidation of pyruvate. This work illustrates how proline can be used as a metabolic reward for pollinators, and the diversity and evolution of mitochondrial me

|title=Speakman JR, Selman C (2003) Physical activity and resting metabolic rate. Proc Nutr Soc 62: 621-634. ...eater than the direct energy cost of the exercise alone. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the largest component of the daily energy budget in most human soc

...tes), as opposed to net community growth rate (i.e. total community growth rate subtracting autotroph consumed by heterotroph), as predicted from the maxim

...ated the formulation of a revised medium that improved the specific growth rate of CHO320 cells producing recombinant interferon-γ (IFN-γ), as well as al

...secretion from L-cells. It is, however, unclear whether the intracellular metabolic handling of OA is involved in this effect. ...te and extracellular acidification rate in response to OA and to different metabolic inhibitors with the Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer.

...cclimation in American alligators: Effects of temperature regime on growth rate, mitochondrial function, and membrane composition. J Thermal Biol p11. ...ized that alligators would acclimate to cold temperature by increasing the metabolic capacity of skeletal muscles and the heart. Additionally, we hypothesized t

sediments. The rate of oxygen consumption of diapause II in heart rate. Developmental arrest was identified by

...na AJA (2022) Platelet bioenergetics are associated with resting metabolic rate and exercise capacity in older adult women. Bioenerg Commun 2022.2. https:/ ...onships between platelet mitochondrial bioenergetics and resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, and exercise fitness in older adult women. We repo

...ntributing factor to tumor progression, several studies highlight distinct metabolic characteristics in some tumors, including a relative decrease in avidity co

...cell-size-dependent metabolism becomes directly relevant for development, metabolic diseases, and aging.

...b>i</sub>''S''·d''t''^-1 is not equivalent to the anoxic rate of metabolic heat production. This approximation holds true for aerobic conditions only.

...e rate of heat production is considered an unspecific measure of metabolic rate applicable under aerobic and anoxic conditions. The interpretation of bioca ...t physiological conditions may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the metabolic activity of organisms.

...The walk, trot, and canter represented 25, 45, and 55% VO2max. Mean heart rate went from 48.9 (rest) to 197 beats/min (gallop). Q ranged from 106 (rest) t

|title=Strobel A, Bennecke S, Leo E, Mintenbeck K, Pörtner HO, Mark FC (2012) Metabolic shifts in the Antarctic fish Notothenia rossii in response to rising temper ...MR was partially compensated during warm- acclimation (decreased below the rate observed after acute warming), while elevated PCO2 had no effect on cold or

...The metabolic properties of muscle tissue were further characterized using metabolic enzymes activity profile. These results further demonstrate the low potenti

...roved mitochondrial coupling as a response to high mass-specific metabolic rate in extremely small mammals. J Exp Biol 223:jeb215558. ...muscle mitochondria than the other two species. ''Mus mattheyi'' presents metabolic innovations to ensure its homeostasis, by generating more ATP per oxygen co

...k I, Terasmaa A, Kaambre T (2022) Wolframin deficiency is accompanied with metabolic inflexibility in rat striated muscles. Biochem Biophys Rep 30:101250. ...nificant decrease in the OxPhos capacity is substrate dependent indicating metabolic inflexibility when multiple substrates are available.

...eversibly inhibits SDH in torpor, but cannot fully account for the drastic metabolic suppression observed during this hibernation phase.

...mse F, Hammerschmidt M, Michel M (2022) Long-term obesogenic diet leads to metabolic phenotypes which are not exacerbated by catch-up growth in zebrafish. https ...s been linked to an increased likelihood to develop and an exacerbation of metabolic syndrome, however fish that were calorically restricted from five days afte

...Gladden LB (2013) Regulation of cellular gas exchange, oxygen sensing, and metabolic control. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c120030 ...the issues discussed relate to the O₂ sensitivity of metabolic rate, O₂ kinetics in exercise, and influences of available O<sub>2</s

...xia. Changes in NMR mitochondrial metabolic plasticity mirror whole animal metabolic responses to hypoxia.

...scope (AMS) was maximal at 24 °C, giving the impression that whole animal (metabolic) performance was optimised at a surprisingly high temperature. Mitochondria

...lities in some specimens compared to the others result from more efficient metabolic regulation which in turn is related to higher mitochondrial capacities. |keywords=Metabolic allometry, High-resolution respirometry, Mussels, Mitochondrial Respiration

...ent of oxygen supply and is discordant with the conventional hypothesis of metabolic regulation of the oxygen supply to tissue. |keywords=Skeletal muscle, Respiratory rate, Interstitial PO2, Oxygen disappearance curve, Phosphorescence quenching me

...in REE, explained by body composition. Since a decrease in organ metabolic rate with increasing organ mass has been deduced from interspecies comparison in ...a view that, for practical purposes within humans, the specific metabolic rate is constant with increasing organ mass. Nonlinearity of REE on FFM was part

...''p''₅₀. The ''p''₅₀ depends on metabolic state and rate. (b) ''p''₅₀ is the oxygen partial pressure at which oxygen bin

...ty increased steadily upon hatching as evidenced by the shift of metabolic rate from an ectothermic to endothermic phenotype and the increase of mitochondr

...Lundberg JO (2011) Mitochondrial oxygen affinity predicts basal metabolic rate in humans. FASEB J 25:2843-52. doi:10.1096/fj.11-182139 ...sal respiration|basal metabolic rate]] (BMR) is referred to as the minimal rate of metabolism required to support basic body functions. It is well known th

...ific overexpression of Cdo1 (Cdo1^LTG) increases basal metabolic rate of the mice and synergizes with exercise to ameliorate NAFLD. Mechanistical

...erg JO, Larsen FJ (2013) Dietary inorganic nitrate reduces basal metabolic rate in man. Mitochondr Physiol Network 18.08. |abstract=According to the rate-of-living and oxidative damage theory of aging, extended lifespan is predic

...ase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Our findings reveal different metabolic responses between these two species in response to nCuO and Cu, which are p |keywords=CuO nanoparticles, Metabolic rate, Mitochondria respiration, Ornamental Amazon fishes, Oxidative stress, Reac

...Fleg JL, Hurley BF (2001) Effect of strength training on resting metabolic rate and physical activity: age and gender comparisons. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: ...pare age and gender effects of strength training (ST) on resting metabolic rate (RMR), energy expenditure of physical activity (EEPA), and body composition

|abstract=Carcinogenesis is accompanied by significant remodeling of cellular metabolic pathways, in particular those involving mitochondria. These alterations lea ...s of cancer cells. As transport processes are often rate-limiting steps of metabolic pathways, mitochondrial carriers overexpressed in cancer might represent a

...rican compared to Caucasian women and is associated with resting metabolic rate and cardiorespiratory fitness. ...women (CW). Lower energy expenditure, particularly lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) is observed in AAW. This low RMR may play a role in the greater obesi

...ing and associated activities are shown to add as much as 38 % to standard metabolic demands.

...V appears randomly distributed. Moreover, we show that Complex II is fully rate-limiting for succinate oxidation, clearly indicating the absence of substra

...nce and microscopic imaging enables multiparametric monitoring of cellular metabolic responses due to Acetaminophen in a single assay and provides an overall pi

...nce and microscopic imaging enables multiparametric monitoring of cellular metabolic responses due to Acetaminophen in a single assay and provides an overall pi

...ce, and microscopic imaging enables multiparametric monitoring of cellular metabolic responses due to acetaminophen in a single assay and provides an overall pi

...JA</u> (2022) Platelet bioenergetics are associated with resting metabolic rate and exercise capacity in older women. '''Bioblast 2022: BEC Inaugural Confe ...onships between platelet mitochondrial bioenergetics and resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, and exercise fitness in women over 60 years of age

|title=Gnaiger E (1989) Physiological calorimetry: heat flux, metabolic flux, entropy and power. Thermochim Acta 151:23-34. https://doi.org/10.1016 ...ower and heat flux of irreversible processes are distinguished as the time rate of Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes, respectively. Power is the product of

...be among-individual variation in metabolic rate, since a higher metabolic rate could allow a greater allocation of energy to dominance-related traits, suc

|abstract=The relationship between swimming speed and respiration rate for larvae and juveniles (1.5-600 mg fresh mass) of two cyprinid species, ' 3. Standard and routine metabolic rates scaled with an allometry of M^-0.23, active rates with M<su

...Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E (2014) Dietary nitrate reduces resting metabolic rate: a randomized, crossover study in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 99:843-50. ...ria. Such an effect might be reflected in changes in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and formation of reactive oxygen species. The bioactivation of nitrat

...sed cholinergic signaling through the modulation of glycolysis has several metabolic benefits particularly to increase energy expenditure and heat production up

...s indicate that the control of catabolism is highly distributed across the metabolic network suggesting that fuel selection between FAs and Glc goes well beyond

...n consumption and body mass by the fact that mass-specific basal metabolic rate (oxygen flux) does not increase proportionally and linearly with body mass. File:Rate.png |'''Normalization of rate.''' '''(A)''' Cell respiration is normalized for (1) the experimental '''Sa

|title=Byrne RA, Gnaiger E, McMahon RF, Diez TH (1990) Behavioral and metabolic responses to emersion and subsequent reimmersion in the freshwater bivalve, ...r_Bivalve_Corbicula_fluminea/links/0c960533aa17cd6e69000000/Behavioral-and-Metabolic-Responses-to-Emersion-and-Subsequent-Reimmersion-in-the-Freshwater-Bivalve-

...thick ascending limb of Henle are considered to have the highest metabolic rate, which is related to the high mitochondria content needed to sustain suffic

..., Lemire K, Orrell J, Teich J, Chomicz S, Ferrick DA (2007) Multiparameter metabolic analysis reveals a close link between attenuated mitochondrial bioenergetic ...ate of glycolysis and a linked attenuation in their OXPHOS capacity. These metabolic alterations provide a mechanistic explanation for the growth advantage and

|abstract=Proliferating cancer cells often show a high glycolytic rate with most of the glucose converted to lactate despite adequate oxygen avail

...ochondria isolated during summer and hibernation arousals, where metabolic rate is normal. Consistent with these ''in vitro'' effects, we find strong seaso

...en subspecies at higher acclimation temperatures. Whole-organism metabolic rate was greater in fish of the northern subspecies at all acclimation temperatu

...y may have significant consequences for animal performance, such as growth rate and reproductive output. We explore the adaptive significance of such varia

...m goldfish by 51% and of hepatocytes from trout by 32%. During anoxia, the rate of protein synthesis decreased by approximately 50% in goldfish hepatocytes |keywords=lactate production, K+ flux, intracellular free Ca2+, metabolic depression, Carassius auratus, Oncorhynchus mykiss

...DiOC6(3), enabling the determination by flow cytometry of the respiration rate of ''D. tertiolecta''.

...irectly related to an increase in ROS levels. Our findings reveal that the metabolic responses of these two species in response to nCuO and Cu, which are probab

...PD, Carroll SS (2001) Effects of habitual physical activity on the resting metabolic rates and body compositions of women aged 35 to 50 years. J Am Diet Assoc 1 To examine the effect habitual physical activity has on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition (fat-free mass[FFM], fat mass, and percent body

...nd it is generally accepted that were in-vitro cultures to obey allometric metabolic scaling, they would have more predictive potential and could, for instance,

...ic pathway than oleic acid in human skeletal muscle cells; lower lipolysis rate despite an increased level of adipose triglyceride lipase. Biochim Biophys ...two most abundant fatty acids in our diet are partitioned toward different metabolic pathways in muscle cells, and this may be relevant to understand the link b

...t-hatching development of mitochondrial function, organ mass and metabolic rate in two ectotherms, the American alligator (''Alligator mississippiensis'') ...and a crocodilian, two ectotherms that never develop endothermy. Metabolic rate did not increase substantially in either species by 30 days post-hatching

...lude that there exist multiple parallel regulatory factors controlling the rate of oxygen consumption in dependence of the workload. If creatine kinase is

...to changing substrate concentration might also contribute to mitochondrial metabolic regulation during torpor. The present study confirmed that succinate oxidat

...representative of organic matter’s biological oxidation. The corresponding metabolic CO2 production was estimated to reach about 22 Pg C year−1 (1 Pg = 1015 g ...as the measure of O2 consumption by the Winkler chemical method or the CO2 metabolic production by coulometry. There is also an enzymatic method (Electron Trans

...d environmental anoxia are presented and assessed in terms of ATP turnover rate. Present evidence suggests that unknown sources of energy in freshwater and ...onate production. While enzyme kinetics provides one key for understanding metabolic regulation, our insight remains incomplete without a complementary thermody

...aw EE (2013) Skeletal muscle triacylglycerol hydrolysis does not influence metabolic complications of obesity. Diabetes 62:3350-6. ...r altered IMTG accumulation and lipolysis in muscle insulin resistance and metabolic complications obesity.

...climation and pathological defects. Biochemical adaptations yield distinct metabolic strategies under selective pressure over evolutionary time [4]. Evolutionar

...eased ability to utilize fats for energy and a decrease in basal metabolic rate and exercise capacity without altered thermogenesis. Collectively, our resu |keywords=NAT2, Nat1, Adipose tissue, Basal metabolic rate, Fatty acids, Insulin resistance, Mitochondria, Mitochondrial dysfunction,

...cord. Together with previous findings, these results further support glial metabolic modulation as a valid therapeutic strategy in ALS. |keywords=ALS, DCA, Mitochondria, Aberrant glial cells, Glial toxicity, Metabolic modulation

|title=Orynbayeva Z, Sensenig R, Polyak B (2015) Metabolic and structural integrity of magnetic nanoparticle-loaded primary endothelia ...ed polymeric MNPs on primary rat endothelial cells’ structural intactness, metabolic integrity and proliferation potential.

...sic nutrient conditions in tissue niches and handle variation in intrinsic metabolic demand that is determined by differentiation ...hallenge. The purpose of the present study was to gain more insight in how metabolic specialization and versatility in fate and immune effector function of macr

...as caused by changes in metabolic state, which correlated with respiratory rate.

...lic damage, highlighting the relevance of NRK1 as a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.

...ar NAD⁺ concentrations. Preclinical studies have shown profound metabolic health effects after NR supplementation. ...supplementation on insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function, and other metabolic health parameters in overweight and obese volunteers.

...ATP production by Krebs cycle. The latter is likely to constitute another metabolic adaptation to compensate for deficient oxidative phosphorylation that, impo

...limited in its ability to utilize anaerobic pathways to maintain metabolic rate in anoxic Environments.

...14) Effects of acute lipid overload on skeletal muscle insulin resistance, metabolic flexibility, and mitochondrial performance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 3 ...that enhanced mitochondrial performance with exercise is related to better metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity in response to lipid overload.

...imposes mitochondrial reductive stress and elicits multiple counterbalance metabolic responses in an attempt to restore bioenergetic homeostasis. ...imposes reductive stress that is not beneficial but rather detrimental to metabolic regulation.

..., respectively. The mitochondrial bioenergetic status greatly affected the rate of H₂O₂ consumption in heart but not liver mitochondr

|title=Lanza IR, Nair KS (2010) Mitochondrial metabolic function assessed ''in vivo'' and ''in vitro''. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab C ...regulation of mitochondrial content by measuring the ''in vivo'' synthesis rate of individual mitochondrial proteins.

...tabolic processes contribute from 30 to 40% to the overall heat production rate. Similar basal and antimycin A heat rates with cells under anoxic condition

...rovides evidence of Ca²⁺ “push” and “pull” activity to maintain metabolic homeostasis in atrial cells.