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...AV, Brandacher G, Steurer W, Margreiter R, Gnaiger E (1999) Estimation of mitochondrial damage in heart preservation. Transplant Proc 31:992. ...spirometry with permeabilized cells and muscle fibers for investigation of mitochondrial cold ischemia/reperfusion (CIR) injury.

...content decreases respiratory chain capacities and increases ATP synthesis yield in the human HepaRG cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1857:443-53. ...entation. In addition, CL content may regulate mitochondrial ATP synthesis yield.

|title=Cardoso LHD, Gnaiger E (2022) Reverse citric acid cycle and mitochondrial succinate formation under anoxia: from parasites and invertebrates to ische ...t profound implications on the redox balance (Harrison et al 2015) and ATP yield (Gnaiger 1991).

...paration technique depends on the requirements regarding organelle purity, yield, activity and also the duration of the preparation. The most widely used me ...production (DCFDA) and mitochondrial membrane potential (Safranine O). The yield, purity and the loss of mitochondria were monitored by measuring enzyme act

...lly, compared with the PCV2 yield of infected control PK15 cells, the PCV2 yield of infected Aralar I over-expression cells was enhanced by 42.5% (p < 0.05)

...Donhauser E, Maske T, Bischof C, Dumitrescu D, Rudolph V, Klinke A (2023) Mitochondrial integrity is critical in right heart failure development. Int J Mol Sci 24: ...clinical and clinical RVD and RHF and to decipher the relationship between mitochondrial processes and the functional aspects of the right ventricle (RV).

...sing RT-qPCR, the sarcomere organization using immunofluorescence, and the mitochondrial function using oxidative respiration analysis. ...g contractile- and ion transport-associated gene expression, and enhancing mitochondrial respiration. M0 macrophages did not significantly affect the cardiomyogenes

...10%-15%. Mitochondrial experiments invoke a trio of titration protocols to yield information on oxygen consumption, ATP flux, membrane potential, electron l ...t production, Mitochondrial membrane potential, Mitochondrial proton leak, Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production

...Kummitha CM, Rosca MG, Fujioka H, Tandler B, Hoppel CL (2019) Isolation of mitochondrial subpopulations from skeletal muscle: Optimizing recovery and preserving int ...ehensive approach is developed to identify the best conditions to separate mitochondrial fractions.

Changes of exergy d''G'' plus [[bound energy]] yield the [[enthalpy]] change: :::# Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th e

|title=Werner C, Natter R, Schellander K, Wicke M (2010) Mitochondrial respiratory activity in porcine longissimus muscle fibers of different pig ...larger than those of the other genetics (''P''<0.05). The analysis of the mitochondrial respiratory activity (MRA) using permeabilized longissimus muscle fibers re

|title=Divakaruni AS, Rogers GW, Murphy AN (2014) Measuring mitochondrial function in permeabilized cells using the Seahorse XF Analyzer or a clark-t ...tic understanding. Mitochondria can be isolated from intact cells, but the yield and quality of the end product is often poor and prone to subselection duri

...Kummitha C, Rosca MG, Fujioka H, Tandler B, Hoppel CL (2018) Isolation of mitochondrial subpopulations from skeletal muscle: optimizing recovery and preserving int ...ehensive approach is developed to identify the best conditions to separate mitochondrial fractions.

...the largest enzyme of respiratory chain and the most commonly affected in mitochondrial diseases. Mammalian CI consists of 44 different subunits organized in a mod ...n dysfunction and identifies CLPP as an exciting new target for therapy of mitochondrial diseases.

...relative to mitochondrial protein. The pig tissue contains ten times less mitochondrial protein than the pigeon tissue does.

|title=Taroni F, Gellera C, Di Donato S (1987) Evidence for two distinct mitochondrial malic enzymes in human skeletal muscle: Purification and properties of the ...raphy. The NAD+/NADP+-dependent enzyme was purified 1600-fold with a final yield of 34% and a final specific activity of 32.9 units/mg of protein by employi

...ed, islet isolation still suffers from large variability in terms of islet yield and quality. A comprehensive quality control for isolated and purified isle ...clinical setting. We hypothesize, that analysis of membrane integrity and mitochondrial function by high-resolution respirometry may provide a guideline for furthe

...4) Polarographic studies of saponin-skinned muscle fibers in patients with mitochondrial myopathies. J Inher Metab Dis 17:307-10. ...''., 1987) and human muscle tissue. In such permeabilized fibers, study of mitochondrial respiratory control is possible as in isolated mitochondria but without the

...in high-altitude deer mice. Therefore, physiological variation in specific mitochondrial fractions can help overcome the metabolic challenges of life at high altitu

...hend MR, Tanakac H, Iida-Tanakab N (2015) Knockdown of aquaporin-8 induces mitochondrial dysfunction in 3T3-L1 cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 4:187–95. ...nctions on the plasma membrane and/or on the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mitochondrial AQP8 with permeability for water, H₂O₂ and NH<sub>3</

...Vinnakota KC, Beard DA (2015) Determination of the catalytic mechanism for mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Biophys J 108:408-19. ...ng the reaction. Previous kinetic studies on the mitochondrial MDH did not yield a consensus kinetic model that explains both substrate and pH dependency of

== O2k-Mitochondrial preparations == ...dria with well preserved function is a prerequisite for the measurement of mitochondrial respiration. In the literature a wide diversity of buffers with different c

|title=Griffiths EJ, Halestrap AP (1995) Mitochondrial non-specific pores remain closed during cardiac ischaemia, but open upon re ...ay occur during the initial phase of reperfusion. The apparent increase in mitochondrial [3H]DOG in the CsA-perfused hearts is explained by the ability of the drug

...ately 3 to 4 hours from isolation of intact mitochondria to measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption.

...ty of cytochrome ''c'' oxidase in terms of “synkinetic” regulation of high mitochondrial oxygen affinity. |discipline=Mitochondrial Physiology

...onses were observed. This methodology can be used to detect differences in mitochondrial function at the oxidative phosphorylation level and for studies with differ

|info='''A: Maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity ([[Oxidative phosphorylation|OXPHOS]] with [[NS-pathwa ...) with NADH linked-substrates ([[GM-pathway control state|GM]]). GM and PM yield practically identical fluxes in human skeletal muscle fibres. However, PM i

...cle C, Matagne R, Franck F (2003) Photosynthesis and state transitions in mitochondrial mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii affected in respiration. Plant Physiol ...s demonstrate that in ''C. reinhardtii'' mutants, permanent defects in the mitochondrial electron transport chain stabilize state 2, which favors cyclic over linear

...’ models might yield novel insights on the effect of short-term obesity on mitochondrial function. The aim of this study is to compare mitochondrial function in a hibernator, the golden-mantled ground squirrel (''Callospermo

= Flux control efficiency: normalization of mitochondrial respiration = |title=Gnaiger E (2020) Flux control efficiency: normalization of mitochondrial respiration. Mitochondr Physiol Network 2016-03-20; updated 2020-11-10.

...hich RCR were higher than those obtained in rat studies; the mitochondrial yield was slightly increased only for the IFM population in comparison to those o ...athway components [5]. Electron microscopy images of the subpopulations of mitochondrial confirmed that the procedure preserved the structure SSM and IFM.

|title=[[File:ProfileP.jpg|left|90px|Norma Dahdah]] Approaches to assess mitochondrial respiration in white adipose tissue. ...tage of using isolated mitochondria is the high amount of tissue needed to yield one sample and the loss of damaged mitochondria through the isolation proce

...mitha CM, Hoppel CL (2022) Effect of isolation protocol of skeletal muscle mitochondrial subpopulations on bioenergetic function. '''Bioblast 2022: BEC Inaugural Co ...the bioenergetic characteristics of SSmt and IFmt with those of the whole mitochondrial population. This comparison was obtained for both control (C) and T1D rats.

...x 10(7) cells ml-1). Kinetic studies suggest that the effect on growth is mitochondrial in origin. In isolated mitochondria we found that the alternative oxidase a

...ined in the current literature in many ways and with a diversity of terms. Mitochondrial respiratory states must be defined in terms of both, the [[coupling-control ::: Coupling control states and ''[[CCR]]'' of mitochondrial preparations:

|title=Brown S (2000) Does succinate oxidation yield FADH₂ or ubiquinol? Biochem Educ 28:52-4. ...the oxidation of succinate and the reduction of FAD, but in presenting the mitochondrial electron transfer chain most authors show the oxidation of succinate couple

...lls ml^-1). Kinetic studies suggest that the effect on growth is mitochondrial in origin. In isolated mitochondria we found that the alternative oxidase a

...H₂O₂ than those of the two short-lived species in nearly all conditions of mitochondrial respiration tested, including forward, reverse, and convergent electron flo

...malic enzyme 2 (ME2) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to yield CO2 and pyruvate, with concomitant reduction of dinucleotide cofactor NAD(+

...egler D, Schuermann A, Roden M, Szendroedi J (2019) Expansion and impaired mitochondrial efficiency of deep subcutaneous adipose tissue in recent-onset type 2 diabe ...cent-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D). Understanding AT energy metabolism could yield novel targets for the treatment of T2D.

...L, Tahmasebi H, Laham R, Gurd BJ, Quadrilatero J, Kane DA, Perry CG (2015) Mitochondrial bioenergetics and fiber type assessments in microbiopsy vs. Bergstrom percu ...tion. Microbiopsies of human skeletal muscle can be utilized for assessing mitochondrial respiratory kinetics in PmFB when assay conditions are supplemented with BL

...d mitochondrial function or oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to evaluate mitochondrial dysfunction in energy production as a diagnostic tool in skeletal muscle. ...areful and quantitative evaluation of methods available for measurement of mitochondrial function is important for combining such results in a comparative data base

| ATP yield per O₂ || [[ATP yield]] || ''Y''_P»/O₂ || 1 || P»/O₂ ratio meas | mitochondria or mitochondrial || [[Mitochondria]] || mt || - || Box 1

...ndria as “flux capacitors”: the effect of mitonuclear incompatibilities on mitochondrial physiology, metabolomics profile and gene expression in ''D. melanogaster'' ...female flies at three time points during their lifetimes. Following these mitochondrial physiology measurements, we will look at the effects of the treatments on m

...f J-C, Gnaiger E (2006) Temperature effects on the control and capacity of mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fibers of the mouse heart. Biochim Biophys Act ...her studies of mouse heart metabolism, including various genetic models of mitochondrial diseases and dysfunction.

...NS-OXPHOS capacity provides a physiologically relevant estimate of maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity. :::- GM and PM yield typically identical fluxes in human skeletal muscle fibres. However, PM is

...rkin. ''In vivo'', genetic or pharmacological inhibition of USP8 corrected mitochondrial dysfunction and locomotor performance in a ''Drosophila'' PINK1 mutant mode

|title=Modelling mitochondrial DNA variability in metabolism. |abstract=Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are often observed in cancer, although their role is still somewhat unc

...ion in the mouse heart, including genetic models of acquired and inherited mitochondrial defects. |discipline=Mitochondrial Physiology

...by complex I is inhibited by rotenone or anoxia, mitochondrial diaphorases yield NAD⁺, provided that suitable quinones are present (Kiss G et al.

...are suitable to evaluate the effects of sepsis and melatonin treatment on mitochondrial function in Pfi. ...was measured as mitochondrial mass marker. Supramolecular organization of mitochondrial respiratory complexes as supercomplexes (SC) was determinate by Blue-Native

differentiation conditions to maximize the yield of functioning, beating CMs. These cells have progressive mitochondrial disease affecting mainly NCs and CMs. It is known that FRDA

...cells leads to underestimation of electron transport system capacity when mitochondrial ATP synthase is inhibited. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35679-8 ...ed is associated with high glycolytic activity and that the glycolytic ATP yield may have an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of respiratory substrates a

...es during external pipping. By selecting for faster growth and higher meat yield, the physiological transition from ectothermy to endothermy was also affect

...el G, Bezuidenhout N, Hiller E, Doerrier C, Gnaiger E (2018) Comparison of mitochondrial incubation media for measurement of respiration and hydrogen peroxide produ ...st in MiR05 but slightly less in MiR07. Taken together, MiR05 and Buffer Z yield comparable results on respiration and H2O2 production. Despite the lower se

...state [1] provides unique analytical and diagnostic power in the study of mitochondrial respiratory control at the N- and Q-junctions. # Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th e

...NS-OXPHOS capacity provides a physiologically relevant estimate of maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity. :::+ Outer mitochondrial membrane integrity can be evaluated by the addition of cytochrome ''c'' ([[

...in ca. 45% yield. The preparation is described with respect to content of mitochondrial markers and nine different respiratory activities. The specific [[State 3]]

...umented on the SHL/LA patient files. 113 genomic DNA samples of sufficient yield and purity were utilised for subsequent allelic discrimination PCR screenin ..., Kimura S (2007) Novel mutation of human DNA polymerase γ associated with mitochondrial toxicity induced by anti-HIV treatment. J Infec Dis 195:1419-25.

...iliary HRR-tool for the preparation of tissue homogenates for diagnosis of mitochondrial respiratory function. Mitochondr Physiol Network 17.12. ...heart, liver, brain) with high reproducibility of mitochondrial yield and mitochondrial function as evaluated with HRR.

...expressed 265 amino acid protein that is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane on the matrix side [1,3]; the precise function of human COQ4 ...and a gel filtration chromatography, in order to increase the purity. The yield and the purity of recombinant human COQ4 were satisfactory. Biochemical cha

...with experimental evidence. The flux-force relationship is concave at high mitochondrial volume fractions, but near-exponential at small mt-matrix volume ratios. Li :::# Beard DA (2005) A biophysical model of the mitochondrial respiratory system and oxidative phosphorylation. PLOS Comput Biol 1(4):e36

...NS-OXPHOS capacity provides a physiologically relevant estimate of maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity. :::+ Mitochondrial outer membrane can be measured with the addition of cytochrome ''c''. Appli

...s to determine if the strobilurin Stamina protects maize seedlings against mitochondrial damage due to low temperature stress. In

...e [[Q-junction]], providing a physiologically relevant estimate of maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity. SUIT-008 also serves as a diagnostic tool for the act ...NS-OXPHOS capacity provides a physiologically relevant estimate of maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity.

...NS-OXPHOS capacity provides a physiologically relevant estimate of maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity. :::+ Mitochondrial external membrane can be measured with the addition of cytochrome c. Applic

:::+ Mitochondrial outer membrane integrity can be measured with the addition of [[cytochrome :::+ GM and PM yield typically identical fluxes in human skeletal muscle fibres. However, PM is

* [[SUIT-012 O2 mt D027]] for mitochondrial preparations (isolated mitochondria, tissue homogenate and permeabilized ce :::+ Mitochondrial outer membrane integrity can be measured with the addition of [[cytochrome

...a strategic step in eukaryotic cells as it monitors the energy balance of mitochondrial metabolism, namely the entry of metabolites from fatty acid oxidation and g ...omplete the understanding and characterization of FAHD1 as a key-player in mitochondrial metabolism and reveal its role in energy homeostasis of cardiac tissue.

...s of various tissues with high reproducibility of mitochondrial yield and mitochondrial function. For more information for applications with high-resolution respir ...rated surface of the Shredder-Ram and the lysis disk of the tube. Ice-cold mitochondrial medium (200-700 µL [[MiR06]] or [[MiR06Cr]]) is then added to the opposite

...ndria are responsible for the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which in turn yield ...elatonin restored mito-chondrial function increasing the activity of the mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes and respiratory chain activity. Electron microscopy als

:::+ Mitochondrial outer membrane integrity can be measured with the addition of [[cytochrome :::+ GM and PM yield typically identical fluxes in human skeletal muscle fibres. However, PM is

...logy, function and cell fate that may ultimately contribute to devastating mitochondrial disorders. ...ndrome fibroblast cells to create induced pluripotent stem cell models for mitochondrial disorders. Stem Cells Dev doi: 10.1089/scd.2019.0045.

...y, ischemia-reperfusion injury, mitochondrial signalling to apoptosis, and mitochondrial theories of ageing.<br> ...diphosphate kinetics, Adenosine diphosphate/O₂ ratio; Hypoxia: Mitochondrial O₂ kinetics, Mammals: Rat, Membrane permeability, Mitochondria:

...imate of [[ET capacity]]. Experimentally uncoupled respiration may fail to yield an estimate of ET capacity, due to inhibition of respiration above optimum ...009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol |»Bioblast link«]]</ref>,<ref>Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th e

...various [[uncoupler]]s, such as CCCP, FCCP or DNP are applied to uncouple mitochondrial electron transfer from phosphorylation ([[ATP synthase]], [[ANT]] and [[pho ...piration by oligomycin in [[coupling-control protocol]]s with living cells yield the sequence of [[ROUTINE respiration]], [[LEAK respiration]] and [[ET capa

...E (2013) Tissue homogenates for respiratory OXPHOS analysis in comparative mitochondrial physiology: mouse and trout – heart and liver. Mitochondr Physiol Network |abstract=OXPHOS analysis is based on measurement of mitochondrial (mt) respiration in various steady-states of substrate supply and coupling

...of oxidative phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. New perspectives of mitochondrial physiology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:1837-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.b ...ns of mitochondrial diversity from mouse to man, and evaluation of altered mitochondrial respiratory control patterns in health and disease.

Mitochondrial alterations are evident in various neurological diseases; and most notably, ...f non-human primates provides sufficient tissue for adequate mitochondrial yield from multiple brain regions as shown in '''Figure 1'''. We analyzed isolate

...coated stirrer bars and other plastic materials of high oxygen solubility, yield high rates of oxygen back-diffusion into the chamber when oxygen levels dec

...um dichloride dimer with the corresponding thiophenol and isolated in high yield as the chloride salts, were found to be highly cytotoxic towards human ovar ...d but the lactate production rose. Supported by the observed inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, we assume that ''diruthenium''-1 acts predominantly as an inhi

:::: Taken together, Eq. 3 and Eq. 4 yield the definition of the activity coefficient (concentration basis), ''γ''<su ...9. - [[Gnaiger 1993 Hypoxia |»Bioblast link«]]</ref>,<ref>Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th e

1-Daniel Swarovski Research Lab, Mitochondrial Physiol, Dep Visceral, Transplant Thoracic Surgery, Medical Univ Innsbruck; ...'P''</sub> provide reference values for a subject’s or a cell’s aerobic or mitochondrial competence. Aerobic catabolic flux (1 ml O2·min^-1·kg<sup>-1</s

...'P''</sub> provide reference values for a subject’s or a cell’s aerobic or mitochondrial fitness. Aerobic catabolic flux (1 mL O₂·min^-1·kg<s ...tio, partitioned into a flux ratio (the famous P»/O₂ ratio; ATP yield per oxygen consumed, ''Y''_P»/O₂ = ''J''<sub>P»</sub

|info=* Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5<sup * Gnaiger E (1989) Mitochondrial respiratory control: energetics, kinetics and efficiency. In: Energy transf

...Vujacic-Mirski Ksenija*, Watala Cezary* (2020) '''Interlaboratory guide to mitochondrial respiratory studies with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and platelets.' 4.1 Effect of incubation media and cell concentration on mitochondrial respiration

...g oxygen supply. [[Categories of SUIT protocols]] are defined according to mitochondrial ET-pathway states. ...tochondrial preparations]] complementary to [[coupling-control state]]s in mitochondrial physiology.

...had a higher capacity to oxidize fat substrate in leg and arm muscle, yet mitochondrial respiration compensating for proton leak was proportionate with OXPHOS capa ...her added (stimulation, activation) or removed (reversal of inhibition) to yield a flux ''Z'' from background ''Y''. Note that ''X'', ''Y'' and ''Z'' denote

|abstract=[[File:L.jpg]] Mitochondrial respiratory states have been defined originally by Chance and Williams (195 :::: The LEAK state can be induced experimentally in various ways, which may yield idential estimates of LEAK respiration, or may show deviations that help to

...es between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes. :» MitoPedia topic: [[Mitochondrial preparations]]

...e. ''I'' [mol·s^-1] times ''Π'' [Pa = J·m^-3] does not yield power ''P'' [W = J·s^-1]. Fick's law, therefore, must not be con ::::# Gnaiger E (1989) Mitochondrial respiratory control: energetics, kinetics and efficiency. In: Wieser W, Gna

|title=On coupling control of mitochondrial respiration. What is wrong with the RCR? ...L'' is, therefore, an acronym beyond the proton leak. ''L'' is measured as mitochondrial respiration in the presence of fuel substrate(s) and absence of ADP (a: no

...up by adding a defined volume Δ''V''_s of experimental medium to yield a harvested cell suspension with total sample volume ''V''_s. Sin ...'N''_vce = ''VI''_ce·''N''_ce, overestimates mitochondrial respiratory function, if mitochondria of dead cells contribute to some exte

...vassalo T, Ritchie D, Wright KJ, Thomas MM, Romestaing C, Hepple RT (2011) Mitochondrial structure and function are disrupted by standard isolation methods. PLoS On ...importance of studying mitochondrial function in tissue preparations where mitochondrial structure is preserved and all mitochondria are represented.

: <big><big><big>'''Mitochondrial physiology'''</big></big></big> |title=Gnaiger E et al ― MitoEAGLE Task Group (2020) Mitochondrial physiology. Bioenerg Commun 2020.1. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0001.