MiPNet12.15 RespiratoryStates
| Gnaiger E. MitoPathways: Respiratory states and flux control ratios. Mitochondr. Physiol. Network 12.15. |
) Mitochondr. Physiol. Network
Abstract: In oxidative phosphorylation, the endergonic process of phosphorylation of ADP to ATP is coupled to the exergonic process of electron transfer to oxygen. Coupling is achieved through the proton pumps generating and utilizing the protonmotive force in a proton circuit across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton circuit is partially uncoupled by proton leaks. Three different meanings of uncoupling (or coupling) are distinguished by defining intrinsically uncoupled, pathologically dyscoupled, and experimentally non-coupled respiration.
Respiratory steady states have been clearly defined by Chance and Williams (1955) according to a protocol for oxygraphic experiments with isolated mitochondria. The present state of terminology, however (e.g. State 2, requires clarification, particularly for extending bioenergetics to mitochondrial respiratory physiology of the living cell.
• O2k-Network Lab: AT_Innsbruck_OROBOROS
Labels:
Regulation: Respiration; OXPHOS; ETS Capacity"Respiration; OXPHOS; ETS Capacity" is not in the list (Aerobic glycolysis, ADP, ATP, ATP production, AMP, Calcium, Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Cyt c, Flux control, Inhibitor, ...) of allowed values for the "Respiration and regulation" property., Coupling; Membrane Potential"Coupling; Membrane Potential" is not in the list (Aerobic glycolysis, ADP, ATP, ATP production, AMP, Calcium, Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Cyt c, Flux control, Inhibitor, ...) of allowed values for the "Respiration and regulation" property., Substrate; Glucose; TCA Cycle"Substrate; Glucose; TCA Cycle" is not in the list (Aerobic glycolysis, ADP, ATP, ATP production, AMP, Calcium, Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Cyt c, Flux control, Inhibitor, ...) of allowed values for the "Respiration and regulation" property., Redox State"Redox State" is not in the list (Aerobic glycolysis, ADP, ATP, ATP production, AMP, Calcium, Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Cyt c, Flux control, Inhibitor, ...) of allowed values for the "Respiration and regulation" property.
HRR: Protocol"Protocol" is not in the list (Oxygraph-2k, TIP2k, O2k-Fluorometer, pH, NO, TPP, Ca, O2k-Spectrophotometer, O2k-Manual, O2k-Protocol, ...) of allowed values for the "Instrument and method" property., MiPNet-Publication"MiPNet-Publication" is not in the list (Oxygraph-2k, TIP2k, O2k-Fluorometer, pH, NO, TPP, Ca, O2k-Spectrophotometer, O2k-Manual, O2k-Protocol, ...) of allowed values for the "Instrument and method" property.
MitoPathways
Abbreviations
A1.1. Abbreviations for substrates
of the TCA cycle and major entries (single capital letters for the most commonly used substrates)
- P Pyruvate
- G Glutamate
- M Malate
- S Succinate
- F Fumarate
- Og Oxoglutarate, alpha-ketoglutarate
- Ce Cellular substrates in vivo, endogenous
- Cm Cellular substrates in vivo, with exogenous substrate supply from culture medium or serum
A1.2. Other substrates and redox components of the respiratory system
- Oca Octanic acid
- Paa Palmitic acid
- Oct Octanoyl carnitine
- Pal Palmitoyl carnitine
- As Ascorbate
- Tm TMPD
- c Cytochrome c
- Gp Glycerophosphate, alpha-glycorophosphate
A1.3. Phosphorylation system
(adenylates, Pi, uncouplers, downstream inhibitors of ATP synthase, ANT, or phosphate) are denoted by subscripts. If Pi is always present at saturating concentration, it does not have to be indicated in the titration protocols.
- Pi Inorganic phosphate
- N no adenylates added (state LN)
- D ADP at saturating concentration (state P: saturating [ADP])
- D0.2 ADP at specified concentration (saturating versus non-saturating ADP is frequently not specified in State 3)
- T ATP (state LT)
- TD ATP+ADP (state P, in the presence of physiological high (mM) ATP concentrations)
- T[ADP] High ATP and varying ADP concentrations, in the range between states T and TD.
- 0my Oligomycin (state LOmy)
- Atr Atractyloside (state LAtr)
- u Uncoupler at optimum concentration for maximum non-coupled flux (state E).
A1.4. Inhibitors
of respiratory complexes, dehydrogenases or transorters:
- Ama Antimycin A
- Azd Sodium azide
- Hci Hydroxycinnamate
- Kcn KCN
- Mna Malonic acid
- Myx Myxothiazol
- Rot Rotenone
A1.5. Respiratory states and flux control ratios
Coupling control states
- E, Electron transfer system capacity state
- L, LEAK state
- P, OXPHOS capacity state
- R, ROUTINE state of cell respiration
Coupling control ratios (CCR)
- L/E, LEAK CCR
- P/E, Phosphorylation system capacity CCR
- R/E, ROUTINE CCR
- (R-L)/E, netROUTINE CCR
